| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Fiber, Building Material Stalks sometimes used for thatching. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Food, Beverage Cornmeal and juniper ash water used to make a beverage. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Food, Bread & Cake Corn and juniper ash used to make bread and dumplings. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Food, Bread & Cake Sweet corn meal and herb roots made into cakes and baked in a pit. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 30 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Food, Porridge Corn and meat boiled all night into hominy. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Food, Porridge Cornmeal and juniper ash water used to make mush. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Food, Special Food Cornmeal porridge, served in wedding baskets, used as a nuptial dish. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Food, Staple Green corn roasted, shelled, ground, dried and wrapped in corn husks, like tamales, for journeys. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Immature corn pounded, mixed with pumpkin, wrapped in a corn husk and baked in ashes. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Food, Vegetable Leaves eaten like lettuce. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Cornmeal mush used to make images for ceremonies. In the Bead Chant, an image of a wildcat was made of sweet corn; in the Mountain Chant, an image of the bear was made of sweet corn; and in the Coyote Chant, effigies of a coyote and a kit fox were made in sweet corn; other images such as the dog, chicken, cat and pig were also reproduced in sweet corn. To make these animals, a stiff mush was made of corn, which was kneaded to the desired shape, omitting the extremities such as tail, ears and feet. White shell, turquoise and cannel coal was used for the eyes. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 30 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Other, Containers Husks used as casings for blood sausage. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Other, Fuel Cob pith used as punk (tinder). Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Other, Sacred Items Cornmeal, considered less sacred than corn pollen, used in innumerable ceremonies. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Other, Sacred Items Sacred pollen used in innumerable ceremonies. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Other, Smoke Plant Husks used for cigarette papers. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Other, Tools Cobs used to beat leather while dyeing. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Fodder Used as horse feed. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Special Food Corn meal used to make ceremonial cakes. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Vegetable Young corn and cob eaten. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Winter Use Food Roasted, dried corn on the cob stored for winter use. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Ceremonial Items Pollen used in all ceremonials and also for personal ceremonies. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Containers Cobs used to close up pottery jars. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Smoke Plant Dry husks of young corn used to roll cigarettes, when paper not available. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Tools Cobs used by pottery makers to smooth the pottery. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 18 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Ojibwa Food, Dried Food Kernels dried for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 402 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Ojibwa Food, Vegetable Several sorts of corn were grown, modern and ancient. Ears were roasted and made into hominy. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 402 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Omaha Food, Staple Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to make hominy. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Omaha Food, Staple Ripe, parched corn ground into a meal and used for food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Omaha Food, Sweetener Sun dried corn silks ground with parched corn for sweetness. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Omaha Food, Winter Use Food Sun dried corn silks stored for future use. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Omaha Other, Protection Chewed seeds scattered around the corn fields to protect the harvest from blackbirds. When the corn was approaching maturity, blackbirds attacked the fields for food. To prevent further damage, men chewed some grains and scattered them around the corn fields to deter the birds from the fields. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 68 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Papago Food, Dried Food Grains parched, dried on mats on the roofs and used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 34 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Papago Food, Special Food Cornmeal used ceremonially. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 34 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Papago Food, Staple Whole ears roasted in open pits, dried, grains removed, winnowed and ground into meal. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 34 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Papago Food, Unspecified Whole ears roasted in open pits, dried, grains removed, winnowed and cooked whole with meat. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 34 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Pawnee Food, Staple Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to make hominy. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Pawnee Food, Staple Ripe, parched corn ground into a meal and used for food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Pawnee Food, Sweetener Sun dried corn silks ground with parched corn for sweetness. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Pawnee Food, Winter Use Food Sun dried corn silks stored for future use. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Pima Food, Bread & Cake Ground, baked in large cakes and used for food. Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 72 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Pima Food, Porridge Boiled with ashes, dried, hulls washed off, dried, parched with coals and made into gruel. Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 72 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Ponca Food, Staple Ripe corn hulled with lye from ashes and used to make hominy. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Ponca Food, Staple Ripe, parched corn ground into a meal and used for food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Ponca Food, Sweetener Sun dried corn silks ground with parched corn for sweetness. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Ponca Food, Winter Use Food Sun dried corn silks stored for future use. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 67 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Potawatomi Food, Winter Use Food Elm bark bags, filled with corn or beans and peas, buried in the ground to keep for the winter. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 101 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Pueblo Food, Special Food Cornmeal used ceremonially. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 34 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Seminole Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 473 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Seminole Other, Ceremonial Items Plant used for religious scarification and at busk ceremonies. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 473 |